What caused the decline of the Harappa and Mohenjo Daro civilizations in India's Indus River Valley around 2000 B.C.?
The Harappan civilization, one of the world's earliest urban civilizations, flourished in the Indus River Valley from around 2600 to 1900 B.C. Its two largest cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, were remarkable for their advanced architecture, sanitation, and technological achievements. However, by around 2000 B.C., these civilizations declined and eventually collapsed.
Several theories have been proposed to explain this decline. One suggests that a major earthquake or flood caused widespread destruction, disrupting the infrastructure and social order of the civilizations. Another theory points to climatic changes, such as a shift in monsoon patterns, which may have caused droughts or floods, leading to agricultural failures and economic decline.
Other hypotheses include the exhaustion of natural resources, such as timber or minerals, and warfare or invasions by nomadic tribes. Additionally, it has been suggested that a combination of factors, including environmental changes, economic pressures, and social unrest, may have contributed to the collapse of the Harappan civilization.
Related Questions and Answers
Q: When did the Harappan civilization decline? A: Around 2000 B.C.
Q: What were two of the largest cities in the Harappan civilization? A: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.
Q: What was a possible cause of the decline of the Harappan civilization? A: An earthquake or flood.
Q: What was another possible cause of the decline? A: Climatic changes, such as a shift in monsoon patterns.
Q: What was the Harappan civilization known for? A: Its advanced architecture, sanitation, and technological achievements.
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